Eye

Diabetic & Hypertensive Retinopathy: Definition, Causes and Management

A progressive microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the retina, leading to blindness if untreated.

Diabetic & Hypertensive Retinopathy: Definition, Causes and Management

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) A progressive microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus affecting the retina, leading to blindness if untreated. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the tissue at the back of the eye (retina). Causes & Risk Factors Chronic hyperglycemia (HbA1c >7%) Hypertension & Dyslipidemia Smoking & Alcohol Consumption Duration of Diabetes (>10 years) Pathophysiology Microvascular changes → Capillary basement membrane thickening. Increased vascular permeability → Leakage of plasma proteins & lipids. Capillary occlusion → Retinal ischemia → VEGF release. Neovascularization (PDR) → Fragile vessels rupture → Vitreous hemorrhage & retinal detachment. Stages Non-Proliferative DR (NPDR): Microaneurysms, dot-blot hemorrhages. Proliferative DR (PDR): Neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage. Diabetic Macular Edema (DME): Retinal thickening at the macula. Clinical Features Gradual vision loss Scotomas (blind spots in vision) Floaters (due to…

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