Retinoblastoma, CRAO, CRVO, BRAO, BRVO, and Eales’ Disease

Ophthalmology is a crucial field of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. For medical students, understanding the various ophthalmic conditions, their causes, clinical presentations, and management strategies is essential for both academic success and practical application.  This document provides comprehensive notes on important ophthalmological topics, including Retinoblastoma, CRAO, CRVO, BRAO, BRVO, and Eales’ Disease, structured to aid in efficient exam preparation. 1. Retinoblastoma Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children, arising from the retinal neuroepithelium due to a mutation in the RB1 gene. Retinoblastoma is a kind of eye cancer that starts as a growth of cells in the retina. Causes: Germline mutation (heritable, bilateral, younger age) Somatic mutation (non-heritable, unilateral, older age) Signs and Symptoms: White or white spots in the pupil White glow in the eye in photos taken with a flash Crossed eyes or eyes …